M\u0131s\u0131r, Fas<\/a> veya G\u00fcney Afrika gibi turistik birka\u00e7 \u00fclkeye ilaveten kara k\u0131ta \u00fczerinde yer alan 54 \u00fclkenin ancak birka\u00e7 tanesini sayabilir veya harita \u00fczerinde g\u00f6sterebilirim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hal b\u00f6yle iken Boston\u2019un d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131na afi\u015fleri as\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Ancient Nubia Now!<\/strong> sergisi daha da ilgimi \u00e7ekiyor. F\u0131rsat\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131rm\u0131yor ve \u015fehirde ya\u015fayan arkeolog bir arkada\u015f\u0131mla \u00c7ar\u015famba ak\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fczede ge\u00e7irmek \u00fczere s\u00f6zle\u015fiyoruz. Boston G\u00fczel Sanatlar M\u00fczesi<\/a> her hafta \u00c7ar\u015famba ak\u015famlar\u0131 16-22 saatleri aras\u0131nda \u00fccretsiz olarak ziyaret edilebilir!<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ge\u00e7ici s\u00fcreli olarak a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sergide, m\u00fcze koleksiyonuna ait 400\u2019den fazla eser yer almakta ve d\u00f6nemin refah d\u00fczeyi, kral ve krali\u00e7elerin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermekte. Arkeolojik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da adeta bir y\u00fczle\u015fme \u015feklinde haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 topluma ait eserlerin d\u00fcn ve bug\u00fcn ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 farkl\u0131 anlamlar\u0131n ifade edildi\u011fi sergiyi ilgin\u00e7 ve \u00f6\u011fretici buldum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015e\u00f6yle ki, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda b\u00f6lgede yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda, Nubia tarihi ile ilgili pek \u00e7ok bulgu ve ke\u015fif M\u0131s\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne atfedilmi\u015f iken, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bu kadim k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc ki\u015fili\u011fi ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor ve sunuluyor!<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir ka\u00e7 galeride yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sergiyi ayaklar\u0131m\u0131za kara sular ininceye kadar dola\u015f\u0131yoruz. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 3000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, antik d\u00f6nemde Kush, bilinen ismi ile Nubia b\u00f6lgesinde pek \u00e7ok krall\u0131k kurulmu\u015f. Nubial\u0131lar\u0131n temel ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131 fildi\u015fi, s\u0131\u011f\u0131r ve alt\u0131n madeni ticareti olmu\u015f. Antik d\u00f6nemde M.\u00d6. 8. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Nubia krallar\u0131 A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r topraklar\u0131n\u0131 da fethederek bir as\u0131rdan uzun s\u00fcre d\u00f6nemin en geni\u015f imparatorluklar\u0131ndan birisini y\u00f6netmi\u015fler. Nubial\u0131lar\u0131n Akdeniz \u00fczerindeki ticaret a\u011flar\u0131 Yunanistan\u2019dan Roma\u2019ya ve Orta Afrika\u2019ya kadar ula\u015f\u0131yormu\u015f. Y\u00fczy\u0131ldan uzun s\u00fcre t\u00fcm Nil Vadisi\u2019ne hakim olan Kush krallar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne de sahip \u00e7\u0131karak ya\u015fatmaya devam etmi\u015fler. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirler, tap\u0131naklar, saraylar ve M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lardan daha fazla piramit in\u015fa etmi\u015fler. Nubial\u0131 ustalar muhte\u015fem tak\u0131lar, metal i\u015fleri, mobilyalar ve heykeller \u00fcretmi\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kaz\u0131lmaya devam edilen, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde ve Sudan topraklar\u0131nda kalan antik \u015fehir kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, tap\u0131naklar ve piramitler 1979\u2019da Unesco D\u00fcnya K\u00fclt\u00fcr Miras\u0131 listesine al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, G\u00fcney M\u0131s\u0131r ve Sudan topraklar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan miras\u00e7\u0131lar, internette okudu\u011fum \u00e7e\u015fitli haberlere g\u00f6re, Nil \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilmi\u015f barajlar nedeni ile topraklar\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve yeni yap\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanan baraj projeleri i\u00e7in Nubia k\u00f6ylerinden<\/a> uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacaklarm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yukar\u0131 Nil Vadisi\u2019nin h\u00e2kimi Kush krallar\u0131n\u0131n, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Nil Vadisi\u2019nde h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f M\u0131s\u0131r Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile kurdu\u011fu hem siyasi hem de sosyal ili\u015fkiler sayesinde iki k\u00fclt\u00fcr aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etkile\u015fim olu\u015fmu\u015f. Hatta Sudan\u2019daki piramit say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dakinden fazla olmas\u0131 da bu s\u00fcrece ba\u011flanabilir. Nil\u2019in iki yakas\u0131ndaki piramitlerde M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 krallar (sadece krallar) piramitlerin i\u00e7indeki gizemli odalara g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f iken Kush krallar\u0131 ve krali\u00e7eleri piramidin hemen \u00f6n\u00fcne g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f. Kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7ekilmi\u015f foto\u011fraflar ve sunum ekranlar\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri, kad\u0131n y\u00f6neticilerin o devirdeki etkin rollerini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyor. Bu videolar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc sergi sayfas\u0131ndan<\/a> izleyebilirsiniz!<\/p>\n\n\n\n Antik Nubia krall\u0131klar\u0131 kronolojik olarak d\u00f6rt b\u00f6l\u00fcmde inceleniyor:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Antik d\u00f6nemde, Nil Vadisi\u2019nin g\u00fcneyinde yerle\u015fmi\u015f ve refah i\u00e7inde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Nubia halk\u0131, uzun y\u0131llar boyunca M\u0131s\u0131r egemenli\u011fini tan\u0131m\u0131\u015f. M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 firavunlar, Nubia topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irebilmek, \u015fehirleri i\u015fgal etmek i\u00e7in valiler g\u00f6ndermi\u015f, iki halk\u0131n bir arada ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131, aile kurdu\u011fu irili ufakl\u0131 \u015fehirler kurmu\u015flar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda b\u00f6lgede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan M\u0131s\u0131r arkeolojisi uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu g\u00fcney Nil Vadisinde yayan insanlar\u0131n bu kadar y\u00fcksek bir medeniyet kurabilece\u011fine inanm\u0131yor. Bu nedenle, b\u00f6lgede bulduklar\u0131 eserleri ya g\u00f6rmezden geliyor ya da M\u0131s\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne atfetme e\u011filimde oluyorlar. Nil\u2019in iki ucu aras\u0131nda, nesiller boyu s\u00fcren sava\u015flar\u0131n tek yaz\u0131l\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131na sahip M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, Nubial\u0131lar g\u00fcneyli barbarlar olarak an\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130lk galeride bizi kar\u015f\u0131layan ve mavi renk ile s\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f kuvars ta\u015f\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f aslan fig\u00fcr\u00fc Klasik Kerma d\u00f6nemine tarihlenmi\u015f. Bu teknikte, bak\u0131r ile kaplan\u0131p pi\u015firilen ta\u015flar maviye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor. Kaplaman\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00e7o\u011fu heykel pi\u015firme s\u0131ras\u0131nda renk kaybediyor. Kerma d\u00f6neminde Nubial\u0131lar hen\u00fcz yaz\u0131 kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve haklar\u0131nda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir kaynak bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kaz\u0131larda a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan aslan ve ko\u00e7 heykellerinin g\u00fc\u00e7 sembol\u00fc oldu\u011fu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00fcncel bilgilere g\u00f6re, Kerma d\u00f6neminde M\u0131s\u0131r ile geli\u015fen ticaret a\u011flar\u0131 \u00fczerinden veya M\u0131s\u0131r ordusuna kat\u0131lan asker arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile toplan\u0131p g\u00fcneye getirilen M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 eserler Nubial\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan ganimet veya g\u00fc\u00e7 sembol\u00fc olarak de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015f. Lady Sennuwy\u2019in devasa heykeli de bunlardan birisi! Lady\u2019nin ve 12. Hanedanl\u0131k d\u00f6neminde M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da \u00fcst d\u00fczey bir y\u00f6netici olan kocas\u0131n\u0131n heykelleri 1913\u2019de Kerma\u2019da, Nubial\u0131 bir kral\u0131n mezar odas\u0131nda bulunmu\u015f. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n tavan\u0131nda, kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f papatya \u015fekilli fayanslar esasen M\u0131s\u0131r i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi imi\u015f. Kerma \u015fehrinde yeniden i\u015flenerek \u015fekil verilmi\u015f ve kumta\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Orta Krall\u0131k d\u00f6neminin (Orta Krall\u0131k \u2013 M.\u00d6. 2040-1640) sonuna do\u011fru M\u0131s\u0131r hakimiyetinin zay\u0131flar iken Kerma \u015fehrine hakim Kush Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fckseli\u015fe ge\u00e7ti\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yeni Krall\u0131k d\u00f6neminde (M.\u00d6. 1550 \u2013 1070) M\u0131s\u0131r topraklar\u0131 daha da geni\u015fler ve Hartum\u2019a (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Sudan ba\u015fkenti) kadar ula\u015f\u0131r. M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar nehir boyunca idari ve dini merkezler, b\u00fcy\u00fck tap\u0131naklar in\u015fa ederler. 18. Hanedanl\u0131k ile ba\u015flayan bu d\u00f6nemde, daha \u00f6nce yerel bir tanr\u0131 olan Amon t\u00fcm Nil vadisi boyunca \u201ctek tanr\u0131\u201d olarak kabul edilir ve Nubial\u0131lar da M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar gibi \u201ctanr\u0131lar\u0131n tanr\u0131s\u0131\u201d Amon\u2019u kabul eder. Bu inanca g\u00f6re, 6. Hanedanl\u0131k d\u00f6neminden bu yana g\u00fcne\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131 Ra\u2019n\u0131n soyundan geldi\u011fini iddia eden firavunlar art\u0131k Amon-Ra\u2019n\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki temsilidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u0131s\u0131r topraklar\u0131n\u0131n kutsal tanr\u0131s\u0131 \u201cAmon\u201d ve her duan\u0131n sonunda dile getirdi\u011fimiz \u201camin\u201d kelimesi aras\u0131nda ili\u015fki<\/a> bana enteresan geldi!<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n 66 y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve me\u015fhur firavun 2. Ramses\u2019in de dahil oldu\u011fu 19. Hanedanl\u0131k sonras\u0131nda iktidara gelen 20. Hanedanl\u0131k d\u00f6neminde M\u0131s\u0131r devleti g\u00fc\u00e7 kaybetmeye ba\u015flar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 geri kazanmak isteyen Kush Kral\u0131 Piankhy, M.\u00d6. 750\u2019de M\u0131s\u0131r ba\u015fkentini ku\u015fatarak teslim al\u0131r ve 25. hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurar. T\u00fcm Nil Vadisi ve M\u0131s\u0131r \u00fczerinde hakimiyet kurmu\u015f olan Nubial\u0131 yeni firavun, Tanr\u0131 Amon-Ra\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sunar. Hakimiyetleri s\u00fcresince Nubial\u0131lar M\u0131s\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ya\u015fatmaya devam eder, tarih yazmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve piramit in\u015fa gelene\u011fini sahiplenirler. Nubial\u0131lar\u0131n kendi bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 ile kaleme al\u0131nan ilk metinler, bu d\u00f6nemine tarihlenir. 25. Hanedanl\u0131k s\u00fcresince M\u0131s\u0131r topraklar\u0131na h\u00fckmeden firavunlar \u201csiyahi\u201d olarak an\u0131lmaktalar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kral Piankhy, t\u00fcm Nil Vadisi boyunca s\u00fcregelen ticaret a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Nil Vadisi \u00fczerinde gittik\u00e7e geni\u015flemi\u015f olan ba\u015fkent Napata\u2019dan y\u00f6netir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sergide g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00e7ok \u015f\u0131k aksesuar ve tak\u0131lar\u0131n aras\u0131nda, 25. hanedan mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f kral atlar\u0131n\u0131n mezarlar\u0131nda bulunmu\u015f tak\u0131lar da yer buluyor. Bunlar da di\u011fer tak\u0131lar gibi olduk\u00e7a zarif \u015fekilde tasarlanm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nubial\u0131lar\u0131n ok\u00e7uluk becerileri \u00e7ok y\u00fcksekmi\u015f. Mezarlarda bulunan e\u015fyalar aras\u0131nda ok atmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran ta\u015f y\u00fcz\u00fck ve ok\u00e7uluk ara\u00e7 gere\u00e7leri de sergileniyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tak\u0131p \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in yanlardan mente\u015feli \u015fekilde tasarlanm\u0131\u015f yakal\u0131k, Napata d\u00f6neminde bir krali\u00e7enin mezar\u0131nda bulunmu\u015f. Alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 aksesuar\u0131n \u00f6n y\u00fcz\u00fcnde ba\u015f\u0131nda g\u00fcne\u015f diski ta\u015f\u0131yan kanatl\u0131 Tanr\u0131\u00e7a \u0130sis resmedilmi\u015f. Anne fig\u00fcr\u00fc olarak t\u00fcm M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131 kucaklayan \u0130sis, M\u0131s\u0131r tarihinin her a\u015famas\u0131nda en b\u00fcy\u00fck tanr\u0131\u00e7a olarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Yakal\u0131\u011f\u0131n arka taraftaki bokb\u00f6ce\u011fi fig\u00fcr\u00fc (d\u00f6neme ait lahitler \u00fczerinde de g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00fczere) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc ve yeniden do\u011fumu sembolize ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu d\u00f6nemde hanedan kad\u0131nlar\u0131 kolyelerinde ve g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcsleri \u00fczerinde seramik par\u00e7alar ta\u015f\u0131rm\u0131\u015f. M\u0131s\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden esinlenmi\u015f bu s\u00fcslerde tehlikeden, hastal\u0131ktan, kazadan ve k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckten korudu\u011funa inan\u0131lan muskalar, tanr\u0131 Bes ve tanr\u0131 Pataikos fig\u00fcrleri pop\u00fclermi\u015f. Baz\u0131 fig\u00fcrlerin anlam\u0131 ise hen\u00fcz \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclememi\u015f!<\/p>\n\n\n\n Asurlulara yenilerek M\u0131s\u0131r hakimiyetini kaybetmi\u015f Nubial\u0131lar, eski ba\u015fkent Napata\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde Meroe (Sudan) kentine ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131rlar. Burada da saray, tap\u0131nak ve piramit in\u015fa etmeye devam eder, \u00e7elik \u00fcretimini geli\u015ftirir ve Meroe alfabesini kullanmaya ba\u015flarlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu d\u00f6nemde, G\u00fcney M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da hakimiyeti ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f Romal\u0131larla sava\u015f\u0131rlar. Romal\u0131larla bar\u0131\u015f sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en birka\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca istikrarl\u0131 bir d\u00f6nem ya\u015fayan Kush Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 M.S. 4 y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00e7\u00f6lle\u015fme, ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n kayb\u0131 ve i\u00e7 ayaklanmalar gibi nedenlerle zay\u0131flar ve hakimiyetini yitirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Serginin son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ilgimizi \u00e7eken iki par\u00e7adan ilki, bu alfabe ile yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve hen\u00fcz tamamen okunamam\u0131\u015f bir dikili ta\u015f oluyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kral Tanyidamani\u2019nin ismini ta\u015f\u0131yan ve Meroitik d\u00f6neme (M.\u00d6. 180-140) tarihlenmi\u015f dikili ta\u015f (stel) Napata yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki kutsal alanda (Gebel Barkal) bulunmu\u015f. D\u00f6rt cephesi yaz\u0131l\u0131 olan ta\u015fta kullan\u0131lan dil hen\u00fcz tamamen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclememi\u015f. Alfabede 23 harf oldu\u011fu ve kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sesler biliniyor ancak t\u00fcm kelimelerin anlamlar\u0131 bilinemiyormu\u015f. Kral, yenilmi\u015f d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ayakta ve Tanr\u0131 Amon \u00f6n\u00fcnde ibadet ederken resmedilmi\u015f. Yaz\u0131tta genel olarak askeri zaferlerden bahsedildi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ticaret gemileri ile Akdeniz topraklar\u0131ndan getirildi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen fl\u00fct ise ilgimizi \u00e7eken di\u011fer par\u00e7a oluyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Meroe kaz\u0131lar\u0131nda bulunmu\u015f bu \u201cauloi\u201d tun\u00e7, fildi\u015fi, kemik ve ah\u015fap par\u00e7alardan olu\u015fuyor ve M.\u00d6. 50 y\u0131l\u0131na dayand\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor. Helenistik veya Roma d\u00f6nemi klasik m\u00fczi\u011finde tercih edilen bu m\u00fczik aleti mitolojik olarak keyif, ve \u015farap tanr\u0131s\u0131 Dionysos<\/a> ile ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Akdeniz\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fc (Frigya) bir enstr\u00fcman olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar Afrika topraklar\u0131nda ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f nadide par\u00e7a Krali\u00e7e Amanishakheto<\/a>\u2019nun Meroe\u2019deki mezar\u0131nda bulunmu\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Antik ba\u015fkent Meroe\u2019ye farkl\u0131 bir sehayat deneyimini ve Sudan \u00e7\u00f6llerinde kalan Meroe piramitlerini Amerikal\u0131 foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131 ve muhabir Christopher Micheal\u2019\u0131n blogunda<\/a> ve flickr<\/a> sayfas\u0131nda g\u00f6rebilirsiniz!<\/p>\n\n\n\n 04.12.2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u2013 \u2013 \u2013 <\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.gezenbilir.com\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/ceylan-derisi-onluk.jpg\")
Kerma D\u00f6nemi:<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n i\u015fgali (Yeni Krall\u0131k -18.-20. hanedanl\u0131klar): M.\u00d6. 1550 \u2013 1070<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Napata (25. Hanedanl\u0131k) d\u00f6nemi: M.\u00d6. 750 \u2013 332<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.gezenbilir.com\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Kush-Kral-atlari-kolye-768x568-1.jpg\")
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.gezenbilir.com\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/altin-yakalik-tanrica-isis.jpg\")
Meroitik D\u00f6nem ( M.\u00d6. 332- M.S. 364): Romal\u0131lar ile sava\u015f ve bar\u0131\u015f<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.gezenbilir.com\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/antik-Meroe-alfabesi-Stel.jpg\")
<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n